On OS X 10.9 (Mavericks), synchronization between iOS and OS X no longer works with USB.
If you do not want to use iCloud for calendar and contact synchronization, this litte app may provide a workaround.
INSTALL
You have to download the free OS X app DeviceSync for OS X as well!
Go to bit.ly/1ikPQmL or https://github.com/yep/DeviceSync-for-OS-X to get the latest version as zip file.
USAGE
* Connect your iOS and OS X device to each other by USB
* Start DeviceSync for OS X
* Start DeviceSync for iOS
* Press Sync button in DeviceSync for iOS to start synchronization
WARNING
Synchronization is one way: from iOS to OS X.
ALL CALENDAR AND/OR CONTACT DATA ON YOUR OS X DEVICE WILL BE OVERWRITTEN!
No warranty for data loss.
Be sure to add and update your calendar entries and contacts on iOS only.